mode | R Documentation |
Get or set the ‘mode’ (a kind of ‘type’), or the storage mode of an R object.
mode(x) mode(x) <- value storage.mode(x) storage.mode(x) <- value
x |
any R object. |
value |
a character string giving the desired mode or ‘storage mode’ (type) of the object. |
Both mode
and storage.mode
return a character string
giving the (storage) mode of the object — often the same — both
relying on the output of typeof(x)
, see the example
below.
mode(x) <- "newmode"
changes the mode
of object x
to
newmode
. This is only supported if there is an appropriate
as.newmode
function, for example
"logical"
, "integer"
, "double"
, "complex"
,
"raw"
, "character"
, "list"
, "expression"
,
"name"
, "symbol"
and "function"
. Attributes are
preserved (but see below).
storage.mode(x) <- "newmode"
is a more efficient primitive
version of mode<-
, which works for "newmode"
which is
one of the internal types (see typeof
), but not for
"single"
. Attributes are preserved.
As storage mode "single"
is only a pseudo-mode in R, it will
not be reported by mode
or storage.mode
: use
attr(object, "Csingle")
to examine this. However,
mode<-
can be used to set the mode to "single"
,
which sets the real mode to "double"
and the "Csingle"
attribute to TRUE
. Setting any other mode will remove this
attribute.
Note (in the examples below) that some call
s have mode
"("
which is S compatible.
Modes have the same set of names as types (see typeof
)
except that
types "integer"
and "double"
are
returned as "numeric"
.
types "special"
, "builtin"
and "closure"
are returned as
"function"
.
type "symbol"
is called mode "name"
.
type "language"
is returned as "("
or "call"
.
Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.
typeof
for the R-internal ‘mode’ or ‘type’,
type.convert
, attributes
.
require(stats) sapply(options(), mode) cex3 <- c("NULL", "1", "1:1", "1i", "list(1)", "data.frame(x = 1)", "pairlist(pi)", "c", "lm", "formals(lm)[[1]]", "formals(lm)[[2]]", "y ~ x","expression((1))[[1]]", "(y ~ x)[[1]]", "expression(x <- pi)[[1]][[1]]") lex3 <- sapply(cex3, function(x) eval(str2lang(x))) mex3 <- t(sapply(lex3, function(x) c(typeof(x), storage.mode(x), mode(x)))) dimnames(mex3) <- list(cex3, c("typeof(.)","storage.mode(.)","mode(.)")) mex3 ## This also makes a local copy of 'pi': storage.mode(pi) <- "complex" storage.mode(pi) rm(pi)
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